![]() In addition, the demographic characteristics of paranoid personality disorder previously examined show that social factors are important risk factors. In general, cluster A personality disorders are assumed to be associated with schizophrenia for a long while, but according to data, the relationship between schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia is stronger than paranoid personality disorder. Paranoid personality disorder features are observed in 30% of family members of schizophrenic individuals. More generally, variation in imprinted genes expressed by the brain can mediate a number of psychological human characteristics related to mentalistic cognition.Īs a result of studies conducted with schizophrenic subjects and control groups revealed that paranoid personality disorder is more common in relatives of schizophrenic subjects compared to control groups. However, in some studies, the rs850807 gene is related to the single nucleotide polymorphism in other words, rs850807 is predicted to exhibit lower expression or activity in the linked paternally expressed MAGEL 2 gene (MAGE Family Member L2), the necdin gene (NDN) or both genes in individuals with high paranoia genotypes. In particular, there are limited data about hereditary effects. Although there are numbers of articles about paranoid personality disorder in clinical and psychodynamic terms, there is a few number of experimental data about the causes of this disorder. In general, they do not share much information to others about themselves, as they fear that everything they say would be used against them. Paranoid individuals think that others have malicious intentions, such as harming or deceiving them even without an objective evidence. The main feature is the distrust of others’ motives. In psychiatric disease classifications, paranoid personality disorder is defined as concepts of suspicious, unforgiving, jealous, anxious, and ruminative. However, separate examination provides more precise results for the causes, symptoms, and treatments. The reason for these behavioral disorders investigated in the same or different clusters is that they are characterized by similar and/or dissimilar personalities. Cluster C personality disorders are characterized by anxious and fearful personalities withdrawn, addicted, and obsessive- compulsive personality disorders (OCPD) included in cluster C. ![]() Cluster B is characterized by personalities that are dramatically emotional and changeable antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders are included in this cluster. ![]() Personality disorders in this cluster are evaluated within the schizophrenia spectrum. Cluster A is characterized by strange and eccentric personalities and includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. Personality disorders are classified as clusters A, B, and C. Therefore, personality disorders also cause deaths at an early age. Individuals with personality disorders have problems in their relationships with their environment and have high probability of attempting suicide and self- harm and harm to their surroundings. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) classification system for mental disorders, personality disorder defined as, long-term adjustment disorder and strict disposition manifested by individual distress or social- occupational functional disorder. Personality disorders is a definition used for the common physical, mental and spiritual characteristics. In this review, we discuss symptoms of personality disorders together with biological- environmental causes and treatments. Although personality disorders have been studied extensively in recent years, the main causes and treatments have not been clearly understood, yet. A wide range of factors from genetics to environment plays a role in the development of personality disorders. It is also defined as a mental problem based on the observation of long-term adaptation problems and strict tendencies. It is a set of physical, intellectual, and mental characteristics defined as thinking, functioning, and behavioral disorders. Symptoms such as personality disorder, adaptation to the environment, functionality problems, and tension-anxiety can be observed. Keywords: Diagnosis, personality disorder, treatment Abstract Personality disorders diagnosis, causes, and treatmentsġInstitute of Experimental Medicine, Gebze-Kocaeli, TurkeyĢDepartment of Physiology, Medical Faculty of Demiroğlu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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